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Blue Finance Safeguarding Marine Ecosystems, the Climate, and Livelihoods

September 21, 2022

By Louise Muth with contributions from Rwaida Gharib

The fishermen in Bargny, on the coast of Senegal, understand too well how ocean pollution can threaten livelihoods. Macodou Gueye is a fisherman who depends on the ocean.

He sees plastics everywhere in the ocean. They reduce his catch, and at times, jam his engine and damage his boat. It takes hundreds of years for the ocean to break that plastic down. In a nearby town, rivers of plastic flow where children play, hosting water-borne diseases and clogging drains.

“We, fishermen, also contribute to the plastic in the sea. We take food, supplies and petrol with us, all packed in plastic. When our nets are broken or lost, they also stay at sea, adding to the amount of plastic,” says Gueye.


Macodou Gueye, a fisherman in Bargny. Photo: Mel D. Cole/WorldBank/WACA

Unhealthy oceans risk releasing the vast reservoirs of methane and CO2 that are stored under the seafloor into the atmosphere. On the flip side, estimates suggest that healthy oceans absorb around a quarter of the CO2 emissions that human activity generates each year — and 90% of the excess heat created by greenhouse gases. Even the microscopic plants that float on the ocean’s surface absorb 10-20 billion tons of CO2 every year, an amount equal to the carbon captured annually by all of the world’s rainforests. Coastal ecosystems, like mangroves, coastal wetland, saltmarshes, and sea grasses, absorb ten times the amount of emissions per unit than mature tropical forests.

Climate change, overfishing, and overpopulation are putting our oceans at great risk. Many people in Small Island Developing States — which are already facing climate threats — rely on the ocean economy. Yet, ocean temperatures are warming and sea levels are rising. Pollution, deforestation, overexploitation of resources, and the spread of invasive species are all contributing to marine biodiversity loss. Scientists estimate that more than 11 million metric tons of plastic enter our ocean every year — and that, if we don’t act now, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean by 2050.

The blue economy — the range of sectors and policies to support the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and healthy ocean systems — is a centerpiece of the fight to slow down global warming, preserve ecosystems, and lift people out of poverty. The blue economy is valued at about US $3 trillion annually, equivalent to the size of the world’s seventh largest economy. In 2015, the United Nations identified the blue economy as a major sustainable development goal.

Gueye is not too different from the three billion people worldwide — the majority in developing countries — who rely on the ocean for food and livelihoods. The ocean is the world’s largest ecosystem, covering 70% of the Earth’s surface and playing host to an estimated 80% of the planet’s biodiversity  . Keeping our marine ecosystems healthy is not just good for the environment, it is directly linked to alleviating poverty and, for many, is a matter of survival. The ocean economy employs 40 million people.

There is a recent wave of “ocean-friendly” financial solutions working to support the blue economy. Blue bonds, to name just one, are innovative instruments with huge potential to regenerate ocean health, preserve coastal areas, and improve how we use water on land such as rivers, irrigation, and wastewater. While the blue finance market is still in its infancy, it is starting to flourish. But can we move fast enough?

Mainstream finance must be directed toward a sustainable ocean economy and ocean-linked sectors such as marine renewable energy.  . The private sector, with its innovation and resources, has a key role to play to generate new investment opportunities in thriving industries with good marine ecosystem stewardship.

“From policies to private capital, we need a holistic approach to preserve and regenerate our oceans,” said Vivek Pathak, IFC’s Director of Climate Business Development. “At the individual level, everyone can do something to keep plastics out of our oceans by participating in cleanups, reducing single-use plastics, re-using and recycling.”

The World Bank Group has been leading innovation in blue finance, launching the world’s first sovereign blue bond with the Republic of Seychelles in 2018, which raised $15 million from international investors.

IFC has been spearheading market standards and working to grow a viable global blue finance market. In February 2022, IFC was the first to develop Guidelines for Blue Finance to help guide investments in the blue economy and earmark vital eligible ocean-compatible projects. Since 2020, IFC has provided and mobilized more than $700 million in blue loans and bonds to private sector financial institutions and corporations, including:

But, this is only the beginning. The problems faced by the fishermen of Bargny are echoed around the world. Taking care of our oceans and waterways is vital to life on earth. There are still barriers to overcome, but with a strong pipeline and growing investor interest, a sustainable ocean economy is well on its way.

Published in September 2022